Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Click Sign in through your institution. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.Ĭhoose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Get help with access Institutional accessĪccess to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. But the current focus on the laws of war is also dictated by the complexities brought by the evolution of the entire system of international law, with the effect that nearly anything that happens in war also affects other areas of international law dealing with human rights, environment, cultural heritage and so on. As long as there is no central government with the monopoly over violence, wars will occur, and law has to reflect this. A theoretical and systemic explanation of this anomaly can allude to the inter-State character of international law, which serves as an infrastructure to the base that is provided by nation-States, their interests and ambitions. 
It may even seem more anomalous that international law even regulates in great detail that which represents its gravest violation.
War is the phenomenon which not only breaks the law but which, in the eyes of many theoretical observers, makes it difficult to sustain the legal character of international law.
The occurrence of war in international relations has for many centuries been one of the most characteristic features of the international system.
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